Avoiding safe options

Avoiding Cluster Safe Modes

Cluster is a multi-spacecraft ESA mission launched in 2000 to study the Earth's magnetic environment. After more than 11 years in space, the performance of the batteries and the solar arrays has decreased dramatically limiting the available power on-board. This is becoming a serious problem for contingency situations because hard-coded sequences executed during safe modes require much more powe...

Options for Avoiding Counterinsurgencies

How can the West continue to shape international order without over-committing itself to ruinous and ambiguous operations on the scale of Iraq and Afghanistan? This article addresses this question by examining the failures of counterinsurgency in Afghanistan, and by outlining three alternatives for future engagements: the Libya model, the indirect approach, and contingency operations in support...

Safe options for suction canister waste.

Avoiding pitfalls in estimating heritability with the common options approach

In many circumstances, heritability estimates are subject to two potentially interacting pitfalls: the spatial and the regression to the mean (RTM) fallacies. The spatial fallacy occurs when the set of potential movement options differs among individuals according to where individuals depart. The RTM fallacy occurs when extreme measurements are followed by measurements that are closer to the me...

Avoiding Carbon Lock-In: Policy Options for Advancing Structural Change

A major obstacle for the transformation to a low-carbon economy is the risk of a carbon lock-in: fossil fuel-based (“dirty”) technologies dominate the market although their carbon-free (“clean”) alternatives are dynamically more efficient. We study the interaction of learning-by-doing spillovers and the substitution elasticity between the clean and the dirty sector in an intertemporal general e...